What is infertility?
Infertility refers to the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. It affects an estimated 1 in 8 couples globally.
The causes behind infertility are complex and can involve both partners. In approximately 1/3 of cases there are issues with the female, 1/3 with the male, 1/5 with both partners, and the remainder are unexplained. Some key factors include:
- Age: Fertility starts declining for women from the mid-30s and for men after age 50.
- Ovulation disorders: Issues with ovulation account for 1/4 to 1/3 of female infertility cases. These can involve irregular or absent periods.
- Fallopian tube damage: Blocked or scarred fallopian tubes prevent the egg from traveling to the uterus. This can occur due to pelvic inflammatory disease, past infections, or endometriosis.
- Endometriosis: This condition causes uterine tissue to grow outside the uterus, which can impact fertility.
- Uterine or cervical issues: Problems with the shape, structure, or opening of the uterus can affect implantation or embryo development.
- Primary ovarian insufficiency: This involves low estrogen levels and absent periods before age 40.
- For men, common causes are low sperm count, poor sperm motility, and abnormal sperm shape and function. Environmental toxins, infections, chronic conditions, and lifestyle factors can contribute.
There are various treatment options for infertility, including:
- Medications: These can help regulate ovulation and hormone levels in women or improve sperm count and quality in men.
- Surgery: This can remove fibroids, clear blocked tubes, or address other structural issues.
- Intrauterine insemination: This involves placing processed, healthy sperm directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation.
- Assisted reproductive technology: IVF involves fertilizing the egg with sperm in a lab and transferring the embryo(s) into the uterus. Other options are available too.
The emotional toll of struggling to build a family can be significant. Seeking medical guidance early, plus considering counseling or support groups, is advised. With a proactive approach and appropriate treatment, many couples are eventually able to conceive.
While the path is often difficult, there are more family-building options now than ever before. Having patience, staying hopeful, and maintaining open communication with your partner are important during the process.